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The implementation of this community service activity is to conduct discussions aimed at increasing understanding of the duties of the TNI to assist local governments in community empowerment programs at the border of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) Province. The method of writing this paper is to use a qualitative approach by reviewing various literature and discussions conducted with Korem 161/Wirasakti Kupang and Kodim 1605 Belu NTT. At the NTT border, the Border Security Task Force (Satgas Pamtas) 742/SWY TNI performs the main task of Border Security and explores the community's potential, and empowers this potential. There are many creations of this unit in "fighting poverty," namely through the five programs of the Wira Yudha House. Rumah Wira Yudha has programs in Education, Health, Love Pancasila, Entrepreneurship, and Wira Yudha Sharing to answer the needs and limitations in border villages. All these activities are full of activities based on Pancasila values. ; "Musuh" yang paling sulit dihadapi pada perbatasan Indonesia di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) dengan Negara Timor Leste adalah kemiskinan. Kemiskinan hanya dapat dilawan dengan pemberdayaan masyarakat. Pemberdayaan masyarakat di perbatasan negara, adalah salah satu agenda khusus dari pembinaan territorial dari Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI). Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan ini adalah dengan melakukan diskusi yang bertujuan meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai tugas TNI membantu pemerintah daerah dalam program pemberdayaan masyarakat di daretah perbatasan NTT. Metode penulisan paper ini adalah menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan mengkaji berbagai literatur dan diskusi-diskusi yang dilakukan dengan Korem 161/Wirasakti Kupang and Kodim 1605 Belu NTT. Di perbatasan NTT, Satuan Tugas Pengamanan Perbatasan (Satgas Pamtas) 742/SWY TNI, tidak hanya melakukan tugas pokok Pengamanan Perbatasan, tetapi juga menggali potensi masyarakat dan memberdayakan potensi tersebut. Ada banyak kreasi satuan ini dalam "memerangi kemiskinan", yaitu melalui lima Program ...

The study aims to develop a mathematical model that can explain the effect of national defense on economic growth from various works of literature and developments. The overall impact of military spending on growth can be analyzed by dividing the economy into sectors. We wish to demonstrate the formation of a general mathematical model. The model building is based on the neoclassical production function approach developed by Feder and Deninson. The source of Deninson's growth model uses a supply-side description of changes in aggregate output. It describes aggregate growth in terms of changes in capital and labor. The resulting aggregate growth equation shows the combination of externality and productivity effects.

Traditionally, external threat comes from the asymmetrical military power among countries, where the concept has now evolved into a natural balance of power. In this paper, the analysis of natural balance of power will be done through a literature review. Today, modern threats are always connected to the military force that is proportional to economy of a country. The level of militarization, which is too high and out of proportion with the ability of economies, perceived as a threat to countries in the vicinity. Instead strength in the economy with healthy competition is expected as a national power. Who owns the defense along with the strong economy was the one who could control the international relations in the strategic environment.Keywords : economic of defence, natural balance of power, strategic environment

Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman terhadap suatu topik atau permasalahan mengenai situasi Perbatasan Republik Indonesia di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) dan Republik Demokratik Timor Leste (RDTL) di Distrik Oecussi. Kegiatan ini dilakukan menggunakan metode diskusi dengan menemui narasumber terkait di kawasan perbatasan yaitu Timor Tengah Utara (TTU), Pos Perbatasan Negara Wini (TTU), Pos Perbatasan Negara Napan (TTU), dan Pos Perbatasan Oecusse (RDTL). Metode penulisan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan berbagai tinjauan pustaka dan beberapa sumber data sebagai data sekunder, selain dari hasil berbagai diskusi yang dilakukan di lokasi kegiatan. Ada kesamaan etnis antara Indonesia dan Timor Leste karena memiliki nenek moyang yang sama. Meskipun mereka satu suku/keturunan, konflik sering terjadi di antara mereka karena perebutan tanah di perbatasan. Perlu dialog dialog dan negosiasi dari kedua pihak untuk menyelesaikan konflik sosial perbatasan yang terjadi di desa-desa yang status tanahnya masih dalam sengketa di kawasan perbatasan.

Since China conducted the economic reform in 1987, it has advanced a leap in its economy, technology, research, and military capabilities, surpassing many countries globally, even to have matched the United States. This study aims to discover whether there has been an ambition hypothesis in China when the country increased its defense since carrying out the reforms. This study adopts a quantitative analysis method that builds two simultaneous regression structural equation models: economic growth and military equation. The study results then indicate that China's alleged motivation for ambition in determining the defense budget is met, where economic growth and taxes positively affect the military budget. The fulfillment of the hypothesis ambition in China is in stark contrast to the case of the United States, where economic growth and taxes negatively impact the size of the country's military budget. In other words, unlike China, the United States increased its military budget when its economic growth got disrupted. For instance, during the trade war between the United States and China in March 2018, the United States eventually increased its military strength though its economy was hampered. Keywords: Ambition Hypothesis, Defense Spending, Military Strength, China-United States Rivalry, Trade War. Sejak melakukan reformasi ekonomi pada tahun 1987, Tiongkok telah mengalami lompatan kapabilitas ekonomi, teknologi, penelitian, dan militer hingga melampaui banyak negara secara global dan bahkan hampir menyamai Amerika Serikat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini lantas adalah untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hipotesis ambisi di Tiongkok ketika meningkatkan pertahanannya sejak adanya reformasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis kuantitatif dengan membangun dua model persamaan struktural, yaitu persamaan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan persamaan militer, yang akan diregresi secara simultan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dugaan motivasi ambisi Cina terpenuhi dalam penentuan anggaran pertahanannya, dimana ...

In operations other than war, it is stated that the TNI also has to assist regional governments. Together with the local government, the TNI has collaborated to carry out development in various fields jointly. The TNI has a Bhakti TNI program, namely TNI Manunggal Building Villages (TMMD), as the involvement of the TNI as a state tool to support the development and implementation of regional government without neglecting vigilance and National Defense and Security. This paper aims to look at the strategic management of the TMMD program. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative literature study. It will review it from the rationale SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) to strategic policies and evaluations from the TNI Manunggal Village Development implementation.Keywords: TNI, Unity, Village Building, Strategic Management

This study aims to see the budget allocation for the Covid-19 Handling Program and National Economic Recovery (PC-PEN), based on realizing the PC-PEN Program budget in 2020 and the challenges in 2021. The research method in this study is to use a qualitative approach through a review of the literature with the primary source coming from the Ministry of Finance, especially from the Warta Fiskal published by the Fiscal Policy Agency of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia, as well as other supporting sources. From data through literature, social protection programs and support for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) show significant budget absorption development. While the health management program, sectoral support from ministries/agencies and local governments, and business incentives, the absorption is still low. The Government must pay attention to the implementation and effectiveness of the PC-PEN Program, including maintaining the most subordinate economic groups' consumption and giving priority to the distribution of stimulus funds to the sectors most affected by this pandemic. Keywords: Pandemic Covid-19, National Economic Recovery (PEN), PEN Budget

To fulfill Sustainable Development Goals which is a document that become a reference in the framework of development in the world, one of the goals is the suistainable tourism issue for welfare. The government wants to make Lake Toba as one of the priority tourist destinations. Lake Toba with the beauty of the largest volcanic caldera in the world can invite demand for both domestic and foreign tourists. It is important to improve theenvironmental condition of the lake itself and how the infrastructure to reach the tourist destinations. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the strategic management of Lake Toba development. The research method used is qualitative method. The government wants the best strategy with various implementations to prepare Lake Toba as a world tourism destination.

In looking at the main national strategies that have been implemented by the nation's leaders and their consequences for the defense viewpoint, a historical review is needed to look at the experiences that may be useful in the future. The purpose of this paper is to see the difference of perspective in the implementation of state defense in every era or era of government regime. This study is a preliminary study to look at the economy and defense management. The research method used is literature review. Indonesia has experienced three eras of leadership, namely the old order (orde lama), the new order (orde baru), and the reform order (orde reformasi). Each order has its own view of threats and ambitions, especially in the international world. When Indonesia was newly independent, the old order government emphasized the strength of military defense in the face of ongoing aggressions and insurgencies. This hard power politics turned into soft power politics in the new order era and reform. The consequence is that the ability of defense forces is not the main thing but economic development is a priority. In the reform era, the Indonesian National Army was again mandated to keep Indonesia's defense and sovereignty from external threats. With the ability of resources owned by Indonesia, especially natural resources, population, and geographical location is very strategic, making Indonesia ambitious to become one of the economic strengths in the region. With the basic capital owned by Indonesia, the ambition is actually fair and capable to achieve. Keywords: Defense, Threat, Ambitions, Regime

This paper would like to see the government responds to the military threats that facing Indonesia from its strategic environment, through its defense budget policy. Single equation, formed to capture the military threats to national defense budget. The model developed are from Smith Military Demand Model. The estimation result is that the level of threat have influence on the defense budget. Indonesia must remain vigilant, because of the military rising of other countries. The strategic environment situation can be suddenly rise the escalation of threat.Keywords: International Economics, Defense Economics, Military Threats, Defense Budget.

There is not a general theory capable of explaining how the defense budget should be formulated. However, through the theory of economic behavior, estimation can be performed. The defense budget is generally a complex tug of war between the political, economic, social, military, and technology. This study is a qualitative research by reviewing a variety of literature dealing with the problem of motivation of state defense budget. Despite many obstacles, the estimate remains to be done, due to the projected budget in the long term, is an important instrument for a wide range of organizations plan to set goals and overcome the various problems that exist now and in the future. It also estimates the military budget is essential for economic operators, the parties concerned with all economic activity because the rise and fall of the military budget in general have an impact on the economy.

The future challenge for Indonesia's defense is the lack of defense budgets while defense issues will become more complex. This literature review would like to see the challenges of Indonesia ahead and the recommendations given to deal with it. The very limited natural resources causing future conflicts will be greatly influenced by the motivation of controlling resources through military force. To face it, the increasing quantity and quality of defense equipment must be considered by following the technology of today. Human resource development in quantity and quality must also be continuously carried out, such as with the training, education and absorption of the latest defense technologies. In addition, it is time for Indonesia's defense industry to be empowered in meeting the needs of national defense.

ABSTRACTThis study aims to show that budget policy is not only to strengthen defense equipment to the "minimum essential force", but it should not be forgotten that budget policy also provide a multiplier effect on economic growth. The use of a good defense budget can be seen from the extent to which the budget affects the economic growth. This influence is tested by using a single equation of economic growth that is built from the supply side. Regression results of the quartile data of 1991-2010 show that the increase in the national defense budget turns out to have no effect on economic growth and gives negative externalities to the private sector. But, non-defense government budgets provide positive externalities to the private sector. This indicates that the non-defense budgets are able to provide a multiplier effect on the economy, but the defense budget has no effect on the economic sectors directly. So, the defense budget policies must give effect to the national economy, such as increased production with the development of the defense industry to meet the domestic needs of defense equipment.

This activity aims to increase understanding of health policy issues in Indonesia's border areas. The activity method carried out is conducting a discussion (Forum Group Discussion) with lecturers and students at the Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana Kupang. While the writing method used is a descriptive approach. It is necessary to increase the development of health and supporting infrastructure in border areas. Socialisation and improvement of health insurance services from the government also need to be carried out, as well as increasing the competence of health workers or all human resources in the health sector.

This study and community service activity aims to increase understanding of a topic or problem regarding the situation of the Indonesian Republic Border in the Province of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) and the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (RDTL) in the Oecussi District. The activity was carried out using a discussion method by meeting related sources in the border area, namely Timor Tengah Utara (TTU), Wini State Border Post (TTU), Napan State Border Post (TTU), and Oecusse Border Post (RDTL). The writing method uses a quantitative descriptive approach using various literature reviews and several data sources as secondary data, apart from the results of various discussions conducted at the activity location. There are ethnic similarities between Indonesia and Timor Leste because they have a common ancestor. Even though they are one tribe/descendant, conflicts often occur between them due to the struggle for land at the border. The governments of the two countries need to carry out dialogue and negotiations to resolve border social conflicts that occur in villages whose land status is still in dispute in the border areas.